Spitzer Resistivity

The Spitzer resistivity (or plasma resistivity) is an expression describing the electrical resistance in a plasma, which was first formulated by Lyman Spitzer in 1950. The Spitzer resistivity of a plasma decreases in proportion to the electron temperature as $T_e^$.

The inverse of the Spitzer resistivity $\eta_$ is known as the Spitzer conductivity $\sigma_=1/\eta_$.

Formulation

The Spitzer resistivity is classical model of electrical resistivity based upon electron-ion collisions and it is commonly used in plasma physics. The transverse Spitzer resistivity is given by:

:$\eta_\perp = \frac\frac ,$

and the parallel Spitzer resistivity by:

:$\eta_\parallel = \eta_\perp/1.96 \qquad (\text Z=1),$
where $Z$ is the ionization of nuclei, $e$ is the electron charge, $m_e$ is the electron mass, $\ln\Lambda$ is the Coulomb logarithm, $\varepsilon_0$ is the electric permittivity of free space, $k_\text$ is Boltzmann's constant, and $T_e$ is the electron temperature in kelvins. The two resistivities correspond to current perpendicular and parallel to a strong magnetic field (the collision rate is small compared to the gyrofrequency). In an unmagnetized case the resistivity is $\eta_\parallel$.

In CGS units, the expression is given by:
:$\eta_\perp = \frac\frac.$

For arbitrary $Z$,
:$\eta_\parallel = \eta_\perp F(Z),$
where
:$F(Z) =\frac$.

Disagreements with observation

Measurements in laboratory experiments and computer simulations have shown that under certain conditions, the resistivity of a plasma tends to be much higher than the Spitzer resistivity. This effect is sometimes known as ''anomalous resistivity'' or ''neoclassical resistivity.'' It has been observed in space and effects of anomalous resistivity have been postulated to be associated with particle acceleration during magnetic reconnection. There are various theories and models that attempt to describe anomalous resistivity and they are frequently compared to the Spitzer resistivity.

References

Electrical resistance and conductance
Plasma physics

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